In psychological research, scientists often calculate ‘p-values’ to determine whether their hypotheses can be supported. P-values provide an insight into whether we can expect identified relations in a sample, for instance, whether men and women differ in how much self-control they have, or whether age is a predictor of wellbeing, are likely to also manifest or exist similarly in the broader population of interest who can’t be directly measured because it would be unfeasible to do so.